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??	???? ??? ???; Devlet-i Ebed-müddet; (??? ??)
??	??? ???; ?? "????? ???"; (1829–1839, 1918–1922) ; "???? ???"; (1839–1861) ; "???? ???"; (1861–1876) ; "???? ???" (???? ??); (1876–1909) ; "???? ???"; (1909–1918) ;
??	???; (1299~1326?); ???? (???); (1335~1453?); ???; (1326~1365?); ???? (??????); (1365~1453?); ?????? (????); (1453~1922?) ?? 41° 01′ ?? 28° 58′ / ?? 41.01° ?? 28.97°
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????	?????; (1299~1876?; 1878~1908?; 1920~1922?); ?? ???? ?; ?????; (1876~1878?; 1908~1920?); ?? ???; (1913~1918?)
??; 1299? ~ 1326?; 1451? ~ 1481?; 1520? ~ 1566?; 1918? ~ 1922?	; ??? 1?(??); ???? 2?; ???? 1?; ???? 6?(??)
??	??? ??
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? ??; • ????; • 1876? ??; • 1908? ??; • ???? ??; • ??	1299?; 1402? ~ 1414?; 1876? ~ 1878?; 1908? ~ 1922?; 1918? 10? 30?; 1922? 11? 1?
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??	1,220,000km2 (1481?); ; 3,400,000km2 (1521?); ; 5,200,000km2 (1683?); ; 2,550,000km2 (1913?)
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1912? ??	24,000,000? ;
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百度本届德国赛之前，如果我们说，石川佳纯在前两轮连续击败两位中国选手，或许没有人会信，如果我们说，中国台北选手郑怡静也能连续击败咱们两位选手，或许依然没有人会信。

??? ????(??? ????: ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??: Sublime Ottoman State) ?? ??? ??,^{[? 1]} ???? ??(??: Turkish Empire),^[12]^[13] ??? ????,^[14]^[15] ?? ??? ????^[16]? 14???? 20?? ??? ?? ???, ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ????.

13?? ? ??? 1?? ????? ????? ?????, 1354?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? 2?? 1453?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ???. 1517???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???.

??? ??? ???? 1?? ???? ???? ???, ???, ???, ???, ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ??? ?? ??? 17?? ??? 32? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ????? ??.

??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? 6?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???. ?? ????? ???? 1? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? 17??? 18?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??.

?? ???? ?? ???? ??, 18?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ?????-??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??? 18?? ??? 19?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? 19?? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ???.

1908??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????, 5? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?1? ????? ????. ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ?????, ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??. ?? 1? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????, ? ??? ??? ????? ????. ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ????.

??

????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????? Ottoman Turks, Turkish Empire?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ??(???, ??)? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ??? ??·??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???.

??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??/??(??? ????: ?????? ?????? memālik-i mahrūse)^{[? 2]}’???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????(??? ????: ???? ??????? Devlet-i ?Osmānīye)’?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????(??? ????: ?????? ??????? memālik-i islāmiyye)’ ?? ??? ??(??? ????: ????????? ??????? memleket-i islāmiyye)?? ??. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??(??? ????: ?????????? ?????? memleket-i Rūm, ??? ????: ????? ?????? diyār-i Rum) ?? ???(??? ????: ?????? ?????? iklīm-i Rūm)’???.^[17]^[18]^[19]

??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ‘????’? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? Osmanl? ?mparatorlu?u(???? ??????)? ??? ???? ?? Osmanl? Devleti(???? ????)? ???? ?? ?????.

??

??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? 1?? ?????(????) ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? 1299?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????, ???? ???? ???? 6?? ??? 1922?? ?? ??? ????.

??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???.

??? ??

13?? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? 1?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??. ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????, ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.

? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1???. ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. 2? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???(Osmanl? Beyli?i)? ????.

1326?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? 1?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.

1346?, ??? 1?? ???? ?? ?? ???? 6?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? 1?? ?? ??? 1?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????(???? ????)? ??? ?, ??? ?2? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????, 1389??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????.

??? 1?? ?? ???? 1?? 1396?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??, ??? ? ?? ???. ??? 1402? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????.

???? 1?? ?? ???? 1?? 1421?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?? ???? ? ?? ??? 2?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? 1453? ???? ?? ???? 2?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????(????????? ??). ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ?????.

???? ??? ??? 15?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????. 1512? ??? ??? ?? 1?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? 2? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??-????? ????. ??? ?? 19?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ????.

??? ??? ????

?10? ??? ???? 1?(?? 1520? - 1566?) ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ? ??? ????? ???????? ?????.

???? 1?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. 1526? ??? ???? ????? ??, ??? ? ?? ???? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ???? ??? ????.

?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? 1?? ??? ?? ???? 1?? 1529? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? 1?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ???. ??? 1538? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.

????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??. ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??. ????? ?? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??, ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????.

?? ??? ??? ??

???? 1?? ?? ? 4? ?? 1570? ?? 2?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???. 1571? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? 1574? ???? ????,^[20]^[21] 1683??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[22]^:201

??? 18???? ??? ??? ?? ????. 1699? ???? ???. ?? 1789? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????. ??, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. 1830? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??, ???, ???? ??? ???.

??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.

??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. 1808?? ??? ???? 2?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???. 1839? ????? 1?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ??, ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????(Tanzimat, ???????)? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??.

1853?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1856? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ?2??? ??? ????? ???(???)? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ???.

??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ? ??, ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? 1875?, ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??.

????? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. 1876?, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ‘??? ??? ????’? ????(?? ???? ??)? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? 1878?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? 2?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??(?? ????? ??? ??? ?????-??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????.), ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? 2?? ‘?? ??’? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ????.

1908?? ????? 2?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? 1918? ?? ? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ???? 5?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ????. ??? ‘?? ??? ??’? ‘??????? ??? ??’?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ?1? ????? ????. ? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.

?1? ?? ??

? ??? ?1? ?? ?? ? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??, ?????-??? ??, ???? ??, ??? ??? ????. ?1? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??, 1914? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ? ??, ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? 1922???? ?? ??(??)? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

??

???? 6?(?? 1918-1922)? ?????? 600? ?? ??? ?????. ????? 2?? 1924?, ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???.

??

??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???(????) ?? ??(???)?? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????, ????, ???, ???? ??? ???? ????(??)? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????. 17??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????.

????? ?? ??? ?? ??(????)? ?? ??(???), ?? ??(???) ? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????(????)? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???.

? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ??. 19????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??(??)? ???.

??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????.

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??? ??? ???, ???, ???? ????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???. ????, ????, ????, ??????, ??? ?? ?? ????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ????. ???? ?(???), ?(?? ?? ??), ?(??)?? ????. ? ??? ??-?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ?????(???), ??????(???)? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.

?? ??

?? ??? ?? ??? ???(????)? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?? 7? ?? ??(???, ????, ???, ??, ?????, ????, ???)? ??????, ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? 16??? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??. ??, ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???.

??

????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ? 19?? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

20?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?(?? ??? ??)? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????.

??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1?? ????? ???? ??. ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? 1? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ‘?? ??? ??’?? ???.

??

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ???.

??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ? ? ??. ? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ? ? ???? ???? ????? ???. ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???.

??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???.

?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?2, ?3? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???, ???? ??? ???? ???? 2?? ???? ??? ???, ?????, ????? ? ? ???? ??.

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??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???, ??, ??? ? ???? ??? ?????.

?? ??

??? ???? ?? ??? 1453? ??????? ???? ???? ??? Prince? ???? ???? ?????, ???? 2? ???? ???? ??? Padishah, Shahanshah, Sultan-es-selatin(Sultan of Sultans), ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ???? 2? ?? ??(帝政)? ? ?? ??? ??, ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.

??? 1? (1299?~1326?)
??? (1326?~1362?)
??? 1? (1362?~1389?)
???? 1? (1389?~1403?)
???? 1? (1403?~1421?)
??? 2? (1421?~1444?, 1446?~1451?)
???? 2? (1444?~1446?, 1451?~1481?)
???? 2? (1481?~1512?)
?? 1? (1512?~1520?)
???? 1? (1520?~1566?)

?? ??

????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

??

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↑ /??t?m?n/
· ?????: Osmanl? ?mparatorlu?u ???? ???????^[*], Osmanl? Devleti ???? ????
· ??: Ottoman empire ??? ????^[*]
· ?????: ????????? ?????? ????? ????
· ???: ??????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ?????^[*]
· ????: Empire ottoman^[10]
?? ??:
· ???????: ???????? ????????? ????? ??? (???? ??, ??? ???), ???????? ????????? ????? ??? (????), ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? (??? ??)
· ?????: Османска империя ?????? ????
· ????: Оθωμανικ? Επικρ?τεια ????? ??????^[*], ????: Оθωμανικ? Αυτοκρατορ?α ????? ????????^[*]
· ????: Imperio otomano ???? ????^[11]
↑ ‘memālik-i mahrūse’?? ??? ????? ‘? ???? ???(??: well-protected domains)’??? ?????, ‘?? ??? ?? ???(??: divinely protected dominions)’?? ????? ??.Kun?evi?, Lovro (2010). “On Ragusan Libertas in the Late Middle Ages”. 《Dubrovnik Annals》: 59.

???

↑ Inan, Murat Umut (2019). 〈Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World〉. Green, Nile. 《The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca》. University of California Press. 88–89?. As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.
↑ Tezcan, Baki (2012). 〈Ottoman Historical Writing〉. Rabasa, José. 《The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800》. Oxford University Press. 192–211?. Persian served as a ‘minority’ prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.
↑ Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). 《The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870》 (??). Brill. 30?. ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5. 2023? 1? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???.
↑ Fortna, B. (2012). 《Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic》. Springer. 50?. ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5. 2022? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
↑ Spuler, Bertold (2003). 《Persian Historiography and Geography》. Pustaka Nasional Pte. 68?. ISBN 978-2025-08-088-2. 2023? 1? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
↑ Fetvac?, Emine (2013). 《Picturing History at the Ottoman Court》. Indiana University Press. 31?. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3. 2022? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.
↑ Yarshater, Ehsan; Melville, Charles, ??. (359). 《Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature》 10. Bloomsbury. 437?. ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4. 2022? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
↑ Inan, Murat Umut (2019). 〈Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World〉. Green, Nile. 《The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca》. University of California Press. 92 (note 27)?. Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat ?zgi, Osmanl? Medreselerinde ?lim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: ?z, 1997),1: 167–169.
↑ Ay?e Gül Sertkaya (2002). 〈?eyhzade Abdurrezak Bah??〉. Gy?rgy Hazai. 《Archivum Ottomanicum》 20. 114–115?. 2022? 10? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 23?? ???. As a result, we can claim that ?eyhzade Abdürrezak Bah?? was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarl??) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
↑ ^? ^? Strauss, Johann (2010). 〈A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-? Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages〉. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif. 《The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy》. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 21–51?. 2019? 10? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 9? 15?? ???. (info page on book ??? 20 9? 2019 - ??? ?? at Martin Luther University) // Cited: p. 26 (pdf p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."
↑ Strauss, Johann (2010). 〈A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-? Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages〉. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif. 《The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy》. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 21–51?. 2019? 10? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 9? 15?? ???. (info page on book ??? 20 9? 2019 - ??? ?? at Martin Luther University) // Cited: p. 36 (pdf p. 38/338)
↑ P., E. A. (1916). “Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire”. 《The Geographical Journal》 47 (6): 470–472. doi:10.2307/1779249. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1779249. 2022? 7? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 7? 10?? ???.
↑ Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017). “A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century”. 《Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic》 1: 179–190. 2024? 1? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 3? 26?? ???.
↑ Raphaela Lewis (1988). 《Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey》. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-175-0.
↑ Godfrey Goodwin (1977). 《Ottoman Turkey》. Scorpion Publications.
↑ Soucek, Svat (2015). 《Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700》. Istanbul: The Isis Press. 8?. ISBN 978-975-428-554-3. The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological contexts.
↑ Fodor, Pál (2015). “Byzantine Legacies in Ottoman Identity”. 《Opuscula Gy?rgy Hazai Dicata: Beitr?ge zum Deutsch-Ungarischen Workshop aus Anlass des 80. Geburtstages von Gy?rgy Hazai》 (Klaus Schwarz Verlag): 98-99.
↑ Firges, Pascal W.; Tobias P., Graf (2012). 〈Introduction〉. 《Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History》. Koninklijke Brill. 1?.
↑ Veinstein, Gilles (2015). 〈The Great Turk and Europe〉. 《Europe and the Islamic World: A History》. Princeton University Press. 179?.
↑ [??? ????] ??? [Tunis] (????)
↑ www.britannica.com Andrea Doria 1535? ???? ?? ?? 5?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???.
↑ ??? ?? ??, ??? ??, 《??? ?? ???》, ??? ?? (2006)

?? ??

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[1] 1299?~1383?: ??
1383?~1453?: ??
1453?~1922?: ???

[2] ?? ?? (???? ???? ??? ????)

[11] ???, ???, ??, ?? ???, ?? ???, ??? (?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????.)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

[12] ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????.

[14] 15?? ??? ???.^[9]

[16] ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???.^[10]

[18] /??t?m?n/
· ?????: Osmanl? ?mparatorlu?u ???? ???????^[*], Osmanl? Devleti ???? ????
· ??: Ottoman empire ??? ????^[*]
· ?????: ????????? ?????? ????? ????
· ???: ??????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ?????^[*]
· ????: Empire ottoman^[10]
?? ??:
· ???????: ???????? ????????? ????? ??? (???? ??, ??? ???), ???????? ????????? ????? ??? (????), ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? (??? ??)
· ?????: Османска империя ?????? ????
· ????: Оθωμανικ? Επικρ?τεια ????? ??????^[*], ????: Оθωμανικ? Αυτοκρατορ?α ????? ????????^[*]
· ????: Imperio otomano ???? ????^[11]

[24] ‘memālik-i mahrūse’?? ??? ????? ‘? ???? ???(??: well-protected domains)’??? ?????, ‘?? ??? ?? ???(??: divinely protected dominions)’?? ????? ??.Kun?evi?, Lovro (2010). “On Ragusan Libertas in the Late Middle Ages”. 《Dubrovnik Annals》: 59.

[3] Inan, Murat Umut (2019). 〈Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World〉. Green, Nile. 《The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca》. University of California Press. 88–89?. As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.

[4] Tezcan, Baki (2012). 〈Ottoman Historical Writing〉. Rabasa, José. 《The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800》. Oxford University Press. 192–211?. Persian served as a ‘minority’ prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.

[5] Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). 《The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870》 (??). Brill. 30?. ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5. 2023? 1? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???.

[6] Fortna, B. (2012). 《Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic》. Springer. 50?. ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5. 2022? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...

[7] Spuler, Bertold (2003). 《Persian Historiography and Geography》. Pustaka Nasional Pte. 68?. ISBN 978-2025-08-088-2. 2023? 1? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...

[8] Fetvac?, Emine (2013). 《Picturing History at the Ottoman Court》. Indiana University Press. 31?. ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3. 2022? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.

[9] Yarshater, Ehsan; Melville, Charles, ??. (359). 《Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature》 10. Bloomsbury. 437?. ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4. 2022? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 21?? ???. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.

[10] Inan, Murat Umut (2019). 〈Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World〉. Green, Nile. 《The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca》. University of California Press. 92 (note 27)?. Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat ?zgi, Osmanl? Medreselerinde ?lim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: ?z, 1997),1: 167–169.

[13] Ay?e Gül Sertkaya (2002). 〈?eyhzade Abdurrezak Bah??〉. Gy?rgy Hazai. 《Archivum Ottomanicum》 20. 114–115?. 2022? 10? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 23?? ???. As a result, we can claim that ?eyhzade Abdürrezak Bah?? was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarl??) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.

[Strauss-2010-15] ? ^? Strauss, Johann (2010). 〈A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-? Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages〉. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif. 《The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy》. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 21–51?. 2019? 10? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 9? 15?? ???. (info page on book ??? 20 9? 2019 - ??? ?? at Martin Luther University) // Cited: p. 26 (pdf p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the Tanzimat reforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities."

[Strauss-2010a-17] Strauss, Johann (2010). 〈A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-? Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages〉. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif. 《The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy》. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 21–51?. 2019? 10? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 9? 15?? ???. (info page on book ??? 20 9? 2019 - ??? ?? at Martin Luther University) // Cited: p. 36 (pdf p. 38/338)

[19] P., E. A. (1916). “Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire”. 《The Geographical Journal》 47 (6): 470–472. doi:10.2307/1779249. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1779249. 2022? 7? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 7? 10?? ???.

[20] Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017). “A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century”. 《Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic》 1: 179–190. 2024? 1? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 3? 26?? ???.

[Lewis1988-21] Raphaela Lewis (1988). 《Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey》. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-175-0.

[Goodwin1977-22] Godfrey Goodwin (1977). 《Ottoman Turkey》. Scorpion Publications.

[:0-23] Soucek, Svat (2015). 《Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700》. Istanbul: The Isis Press. 8?. ISBN 978-975-428-554-3. The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological contexts.

[25] Fodor, Pál (2015). “Byzantine Legacies in Ottoman Identity”. 《Opuscula Gy?rgy Hazai Dicata: Beitr?ge zum Deutsch-Ungarischen Workshop aus Anlass des 80. Geburtstages von Gy?rgy Hazai》 (Klaus Schwarz Verlag): 98-99.

[26] Firges, Pascal W.; Tobias P., Graf (2012). 〈Introduction〉. 《Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History》. Koninklijke Brill. 1?.

[27] Veinstein, Gilles (2015). 〈The Great Turk and Europe〉. 《Europe and the Islamic World: A History》. Princeton University Press. 179?.

[28] [??? ????] ??? [Tunis] (????)

[29] www.britannica.com Andrea Doria 1535? ???? ?? ?? 5?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???.

[???-30] ??? ?? ??, ??? ??, 《??? ?? ???》, ??? ?? (2006)

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